4 • Conclusions
abstract
Ṯābit ibn Qurra’s work, emphasising life’s diversity as the ultimate beneficiary of creation, contrasts with the Arabo-Islamic Aristotelian tradition's causal discourse. His finalistic view extends to the divine plan, accessible through empirical observation and reasoning. Other authors, like al-Bīrūnī and Miskawayh, further this discourse, focusing on water's pivotal role in ecosystems. Al-Karaǧī and Abū al-Barakāt critically assess hydrological models, blending empirical evidence with philosophical inquiry, reflecting a nuanced understanding of water’s role in the natural world.